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Free report · Updated November 2026
A two-page brief for companies, law firms and individuals who need legal documents to be valid in another country. It explains what separates a legal, a sworn and a certified translation, when an apostille or legalisation comes into play, and how legal terminology is kept consistent from one document to the next.
Tax, international, civil, administrative and criminal law, and why each field needs translators trained in it.
How a sworn translation becomes official in Italy, and what a translator's self-declaration can and cannot do.
When the Hague Convention apostille is enough, when legalisation is needed, and where EU rules remove both.
Contracts, bylaws, due diligence and M&A files, court documents, certificates, wills, trademarks and more.
How machine translation with full revision by a legal specialist keeps big document sets on time and consistent.
An ISO 17100 certified process, revision by a second linguist and confidential handling of every file.
In-house legal teams, law firms, notaries and managers of companies entering new markets, as well as private individuals relocating or studying abroad.
It is most useful before you order a translation that an authority, a court or a foreign registry will check, when the type of translation required is not yet clear.
Checked on 10 November 2026.
A sworn translation carries an oath taken before an official, which gives it legal value in the country where it is sworn. A certified translation comes with the translator's own declaration that it is accurate. Many organisations accept a certified translation, but courts and public registries often ask for a sworn one, so check with the receiving body first.
It depends on where the document will be used. Between countries that signed the Hague Convention, an apostille is usually enough; other countries require legalisation. Within the EU, Regulation (EU) 2016/1191 removes the apostille for many public documents.
For large volumes such as due diligence files, machine translation can speed up the first draft, but every sentence still needs full revision by a linguist who specialises in law. Terminology has to be checked against an agreed glossary so that the same concept keeps the same term in every document.
Ask the authority, court or organisation that will receive the document. They decide whether a sworn, certified or simple translation is acceptable and whether an apostille or legalisation is required. Asking first avoids paying twice.
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